Artículos de Revistas

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Autorreflexión en la trayectoria docente: propuesta para su desarrollo desde el modelo SIC
(Universidad Técnica de Manabí, 2021-10-22) Luci-Arriagada, Gina
El artículo aborda los principios fundamentales sobre los que se basa el modelo de autorreflexión SIC (Sentido – Intervención – Cierre). Dicho modelo se sustenta en los aportes teóricos de Zimmerman, fundamentalmente. Este modelo ofrece preguntas orientadoras a partir de tres fases de trabajo para el proceso de autorreflexión en la práctica docente como profesión. A partir de este modelo de carácter cualitativo, se plantea la necesidad de contar con una herramienta más operativa que permita medir desde el punto de vista de los docentes, la autorreflexión teniendo en cuenta varias dimensiones que involucran el saber práctico y la construcción del saber pedagógico en el proceso docente. Dicho instrumento ha sido confeccionado a partir de la experiencia de las autoras y la revisión bibliográfica, el que se ha validado en diversas instancias formativas.
Bibliometric analysis of pedagogical content knowledge: Countries, authors, and fields of knowledge
(Modestum, 2025-02-13) Santibáñez Gómez, David
Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) is a key construct that emerges as distinct from both pedagogical and disciplinary knowledge, essential for understanding how teacher training should be structured. Since its genesis, it has been the subject of thousands of studies, and although there are reviews within each disciplinary PCK area (e.g., PCK in mathematics), there are no bibliometric analyses that allow for the recognition of trends and gaps in productivity in the field of teaching in general. The aim of the present study was to identify such patterns through a review of high-impact specialized journals. For this purpose, 1,942 Web of Science articles were analyzed with various bibliometric parameters and digital visualization software. The results show a series of trends not described in previous literature. The implications for research on teacher training are discussed, considering the initial intent behind the construct's formulation and its relevance to contemporary educational challenges, and new lines of research are proposed.
Cultural historical analysis of Iranian school mathematics curriculum: the role of computational thinking
(Universitas Sriwijaya; Indonesian Mathematical Society (IndoMS), 2021-09) Rafiepour, Abolfazl
In this paper, six mathematics curriculum changes in Iran will be reviewed, spanning from 1900 until the present time. At first, change forces, barriers, and the main features of each curriculum reform will be represented. The first five curriculum changes are described briefly and the sixth and most recent curriculum reform will be elaborated. In this paper, we call the last reform as contemporary school mathematics curriculum change. This recent (contemporary) curriculum reform will be explained in more detail, followed by a discussion of the effect of globalization and research finding in the field of mathematics and mathematics education (in the Iranian mathematics curriculum). In total, three key ideas are distinguished as an effect of globalization which is “New Math”, “International Comparative Studies”, and “Computational Thinking”. Finally, the paper comments on the necessity of paying more attention to information and communication technology as part of globalization; in particular, recall policy-makers to consider “Computational Thinking” as an important component of future curriculum design.
Design-based development of educative curriculum material for deliberative human rights education
(Taylor & Francis, 2023-06) Guzmán, Valentina
Human rights education (HRE) is an urgent historically and globally recognized challenge for societies. However, it has not been sufficiently addressed by empirical and theoretical research in education. Based on the UN Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training (UNDHRET), there is wide agreement that HRE should include education about, through, and for human rights. We argue that a situated deliberative pedagogy can offer these three dimensions to HRE. However, this is not without challenges for teachers and students. One way to deal with these challenges and support this pedagogical innovation is to design curriculum material that supports teachers. To contribute to this, we conducted a design-based research (DBR) aimed at participative designing of educative curriculum material for human rights deliberative education. Four teachers participated in two phases of the study. Two participated in refining the material’s structure and its controversies and the other two participated in discussing the dilemmas and activities relating to implementation of the material at school with their 11th- and 12th-grade students. The results show participatory educative curriculum material designed for holistic HRE: about, through, and for HR. The implications and problems of the design process associated with a deliberative curriculum for HRE are discussed.
Estudiantes con gratuidad en universidades prestigiosas: ajustes académicos para permanecer
(Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Niñez y Juventud del Cinde; Universidad de Manizales., 2023-08-25) Álvarez Valdés, Carolina
La educación superior en Chile se ha masificado; sin embargo, se mantiene una alta segmentación en el sistema. En 2016 comienza a implementarse la política de gratuidad, dirigida a estudiantes de menores ingresos. Esta investigación buscó comprender las experiencias académicas de estudiantes con gratuidad en universidades prestigiosas y selectivas, espacios tradicionalmente de reproducción de las clases altas y élites. Se realizaron entrevistas biográficas a trece estudiantes de estas universidades, así como un análisis temático temporal. Los resultados muestran que la obtención de la gratuidad emerge como un facilitador en el acceso, pero los/as estudiantes experimentan fuertes sensaciones de inadecuación académica; se muestran activos en transformar sus disposiciones, realizando un fuerte trabajo sobre sí para permanecer. Las experiencias de jóvenes de menores capitales muestran la persistencia de desigualdades.
Formación de docentes de primaria: Proceso de aprendizaje, percepción y educación a distancia en pandemia
(Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2026-03-31) Escobar González, Sebastián
La siguiente investigación de tipo cualitativo tiene como objetivo indagar en la experiencia de formación de estudiantes de Pedagogía en pandemia bajo contextos de virtualidad y presencialidad en una universidad privada en Santiago de Chile. Para ello, se realizaron 24 entrevistas semiestructuradas a una muestra de carácter no probabilístico-intencionado. El análisis de la información se realizó por medio de un análisis de contenido convencional. Los resultados muestran cuatro tendencias: la primera evidencia los obstáculos y ventajas que los estudiantes identifican sobre haber estudiado en estos contextos; la segunda indaga el efecto de la enseñanza virtual a su formación; la tercera muestra las relaciones y tensiones entre ambas modalidades, y la cuarta se vincula a su sentir como pronto docente. La presente investigación resulta relevante debido a que se develan distintos tópicos importantes de la formación profesional en un contexto de crisis sociosanitaria.
Formación inicial docente basada en el practicum: la academia reflexiva como praxis fundamental para la formación de profesores
(Universidad Pedagógica Nacional de Colombia, 2023-01-01) Becerra-Sepúlveda, Carolina
La calidad de la Educación constituye un compromiso y un deber con el sistema escolar; esta demanda atención especial a la Formación Inicial Docente de nuestros Profesores. Actualmente las Políticas Públicas en Chile desafían a las Universidades en cuanto a diversos requerimientos para la Formación de Profesores. Conscientes de esta situación, las universidades han instalado estrategias para mejorar los procesos formativos de sus futuros profesores, estableciendo mecanismos formales que articulan su currículo con una formación basada en la Práctica. Este artículo expone los resultados de una investigación cualitativa, que analiza el proceso de práctica de las carreras de pedagogía de una universidad privada en Chile, describiendo a su vez, los nudos críticos de los procesos formativos que la caracterizan. El estudio contempló un diseño etnometodológico, contando con la participación de 37 docentes tutores de prácticas y tres coordinadores, a través de un focus group. El abordaje de la información recopilada contempló un análisis del discurso a través de la herramienta Atlasti. Los resultados del estudio relevan la necesidad de repensar la práctica en la formación inicial docente a través de un modelo que represente y responda a las demandas de la sociedad del siglo XXI, en conjunto con la valorización del acto reflexivo al interior de la Academia que nutre y fortalece la formación inicial docente.
Formación y trabajo docente durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 experiencias de profesores noveles en Chile y Argentina
(Red de Investigadores Educativos Chihuahua, 2026-02-02) Poblete, Nayadeth
El confinamiento por COVID-19 impactó significativamente el ámbito educativo en Latinoamérica, afectando especialmente a los docentes noveles. Este estudio analiza las experiencias de docentes noveles en Chile y Argentina, quienes atravesaron este contexto desde sus prácticas profesionales y/o primeros años de ejercicio, enfrentando emociones negativas vinculadas a su bienestar y al apoyo social percibido. La investigación adoptó un enfoque cualitativo, basado en entrevistas semiestructuradas a 29 participantes de entre 20 y 29 años en Santiago de Chile y Buenos Aires, con un máximo de tres años de experiencia docente o en su último semestre de formación profesional. Los hallazgos revelan que sus experiencias pedagógicas fueron mayormente negativas. Las principales dificultades incluyeron la escasa interacción con estudiantes y colegas, además de la realización del trabajo desde un único espacio. No obstante, valoraron el aprendizaje en tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, aunque persistió su preferencia por la enseñanza presencial. El retorno a la presencialidad generó percepciones contradictorias entre quienes realizaban prácticas pedagógicas y aquellos que volvían a la universidad en la etapa final de su formación. Estos resultados evidencian diferencias en la vivencia de la enseñanza durante la pandemia y destacan la importancia de reconocer las particularidades del contexto educativo. The COVID-19 lockdown had a significant impact on education in Latin America, particularly affecting new teachers. This study analyzes the experiences of new teachers in Chile and Argentina, who went through this context during their professional internships and/or first years of practice, facing negative emotions related to their well-being and perceived social support. The research adopted a qualitative approach, based on semi-structured interviews with 29 participants between the ages of 20 and 29 in Santiago, Chile, and Buenos Aires, with a maximum of three years of teaching experience or in their final semester of professional training. The findings reveal that their pedagogical experiences were mostly negative. The main difficulties included limited interaction with students and colleagues, as well as having to carry out their work from a single space. However, they valued learning about information and communication technologies, although their preference for face-to-face teaching persisted. The return to face-to-face teaching generated contradictory perceptions among those who were doing teaching practice and those who were returning to university in the final stage of their training. These results highlight differences in the experience of teaching during the pandemic and underscore the importance of recognizing the particularities of the educational context.
Future early childhood teachers designing problem-solving activities
(Bandung Himpunan Matematika Indonesia (IndoMS) bekerjasama dengan Program S2 Pendidikan Matematika, FKIP, Universitas Sriwijaya Palembang, 2022-06) Sala-Sebastià, Gemma
This work aims to identify the criteria to design activities based on problem solving tasks that emerge when future early childhood education teachers jointly plan their activities and reflect on them. The participants were 76 students from the Didactics of mathematics subject that was carried out in the 2nd year of the Early Childhood Education Degree of a Catalan public university. This is qualitative research in which the phases of the thematic analysis have been adapted: familiarizing with the data; systematically applying the categories to identify the student criteria emerged; triangulating the analysis with experts; reviewing and discussing the results. The Didactic Suitability Criteria (DSC), from the Ontosemiotic approach (OSA) framework to design tasks and their indicators, were used to categorise and analyse the tasks performed by future teachers. As a result, it was identified that when the future teachers adopt consensually design their activities, they are implicitly based on the Didactic Suitability Criteria (DSC). Still, not all their indicators emerge since their reflection is spontaneous and is not guided by an explicit guideline that serves them to show their didactic analysis in detail. The study concludes that it would be convenient to offer future teachers a tool, such as DSC, to have explicit criteria to guide the designs of their mathematical tasks. In this sense, a future line of research opens, much needed, to adapt the DSC to the singularities of this educational stage.
How do university students of different ethnic backgrounds perceive factors that hinder learning in STEM and non-STEM majors?
(Taylor and Francis, 2021-04-01) Radmehr, Farzad
This study explores university students’ perceptions of factors that hinder student learning with particular attention to students’ discipline (STEM vs non-STEM) and ethnicity. A sample of 1684 university students in New Zealand participated in this study. Students’ responses to an open-ended question were first inductively coded and then quantitatively analyzed using Chi-square independence test and logistic regression. The findings identified several situational, dispositional, and institutional factors that hinder student learning, among them financial difficulties and work commitments, health, and family issues were more dominant. These factors are perceived differently by students of different disciplines and ethnicities. For instance, Asian students were less likely to refer to financial difficulties and work commitments compared to the other ethnicities, whereas Pasifika and then Māori students perceived family issues more than other ethnic groups. STEM major students were more likely to believe the teaching quality restricts their learning than their non-STEM counterparts. The study findings have several educational and well-being implications for diverse bodies of students in tertiary education.
Interacciones en la clase de literatura: ¿Construcciones dialógicas? Estudio de caso en establecimientos secundarios chilenos
(Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez (USCH); Facultad de Educación; Escuela de Artes y Humanidades, 2024-09-05) Carneiro, Yuivar Ana María
Esta investigación tuvo como principales objetivos describir la naturaleza de las interacciones orales ocurridas en la clase de literatura en tres establecimientos educacionales chilenos de Tercero Medio (11vo grado) y, especialmente, describir las interacciones propiamente dialógicas, es decir, aquellas que propician la tensión entre diferentes voces o tomas de posición frente a las interpretaciones literarias abordadas en clase. Por lo anterior, se escogieron tres establecimientos de dependencia particular subvencionada que declararon promover el pensamiento crítico y el fomento lector en sus proyectos educativos. Los participantes del estudio fueron 3 docentes y 83 estudiantes. Se realizaron análisis estadísticos descriptivos y análisis dialógico del discurso sobre una muestra de 20 clases de literatura. Los resultados muestran que las interacciones ocurridas en estas aulas confirman el diagnóstico internacional y local, pues en ellas es el profesor quien domina la interacción y los aportes de los estudiantes son restringidos. Sin embargo, en uno de los casos, sí se ofrecieron oportunidades dialógicas en la fase de contextualización de la obra literaria, que implicaba abordar temas identitarios, no así en otros aspectos de la interpretación.
International collaborative follow-up investigation of graduating high school students’ understandings of the nature of scientific inquiry: is progress Being made?
(Routledge, 2021-04-24) Lederman, Judith
Understandings of the nature of scientific inquiry (NOSI), as opposed to engaging students in inquiry learning experiences, are included in science education reform documents around the world. However, little is known about what students have learned about NOSI during their pre-college school years. The purpose of this large-scale follow-up international project (i.e. 32 countries and regions, spanning six continents and including 3917 students for the high school sample) was to collect data on what exiting high school students have learned about NOSI. Additionally, the study investigated changes in 12th grade students’ NOSI understandings compared to seventh grade (i.e. 20 countries and regions) students’ understandings from a prior investigation [Lederman et al. (2019). An international collaborative investigation of beginning seventh grade students’ understandings of scientific inquiry: Establishing a baseline. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 56(4), 486–515. https:// doi.org/10.1002/tea. 21512]. This study documents and discusses graduating high school students’ understandings and compares their understandings to seventh grade students’ understandings of the same aspects of scientific inquiry for each country. It is important to note that collecting data from each of the 130+ countries globally was not feasible. Similarly, it was not possible to collect data from every region of each country. A concerted effort was made, however, to provide a relatively representative picture of each country and the world.
La pareja pedagógica como experiencia práctica para el desarrollo de desempeños colaborativos desde la interdisciplina en el ejercicio de la profesión docente
(Universidad de Magallanes; Facultad de Educación y Ciencias Sociales, 2024-11-17) Pérez Carrillo, David Jacob
La co-docencia desde el dispositivo Pareja Pedagógica al interior de la Formación Inicial Docente es un tema escasamente desarrollado en Chile. El artículo comparte hallazgos pesquisados tras la implementación de un proyecto de carácter interdisciplinario en un grupo de estudiantes del Programa de Pedagogía Media UDP, que concentra las carreras de Pedagogía Media en Lengua Castellana y Comunicación e Historia y Ciencias Sociales, cuyo propósito fue estudiar los alcances que asumen los desempeños docentes tras una experiencia colaborativa a partir del análisis de los cuatro niveles básicos de colaboración: facilitador, apoyo, informativo y prescriptivo. Para ello, se siguió un enfoque de investigación de corte cualitativo, expresado en un estudio de casos de naturaleza intrínseca, en el que se analizaron las respuestas a dos instrumentos aplicados al inicio y al final de su práctica.
Making visible “the invisible”: Can mathematics embedded in work practices enable critical questioning?
(Elsevier, 2023-02-09) Bose, Arindam
This short report explores and unpacks mathematical knowledge embedded in work practices (which often remains invisible or sedimented) and how this ‘invisible’ knowledge-form underpins sociocultural resources and issues. In so doing, this report argues that the middle graders’ awareness of embedded mathematical knowledge in work practices not only creates opportunities and affordances for furthering mathematics learning but in the process, this awareness builds potential for enabling the doers to see the “invisible,” leading to a possibility of questioning the complex societal meaning of justice, fair distribution, welfare and access. This possibility of questioning plays a dual relationship of cause and effect with doers’ (read learners’) foregrounds (see Skovsmose, 2014) and creates a platform which enables and empowers them for critical questioning. This broad platform is referred to as “landscapes of investigation” (Skovsmose, 2001). There is not much research in the literature which uses instances of income-generating work practice as examples of landscapes of investigation for exemplifying out-of-school mathematical knowledge of children immersed in such work-contexts and also as possible tools for manifesting and investigating societal issues. In this report, we use examples of out-of-school work contexts and the community’s rich cultural knowledge resource for responding to this gap in the literature.
Más allá del efecto escuela: una nueva perspectiva sobre el habitus institucional
(Universidad Católica de Temuco, 2025-11-04) Ilabaca Turri, Tomás
Este trabajo teórico propone un giro conceptual en la noción de habitus institucional en el campo de la sociología de la educación. En los trabajos iniciales, el concepto de habitus institucional fue concebido para interpretar el papel que desempeñan los establecimientos educacionales en la reproducción de trayectorias estudiantiles en el paso hacia la educación superior. Sin embargo, retomando la teoría de Bourdieu, sostenemos que este concepto también permite comprender a los establecimientos como agentes, con habitus, capitales y sentido del juego, y en función de ello responderían a las transformaciones del campo social. Para graficar la propuesta conceptual, se analizan las respuestas de los establecimientos educacionales frente a los cambios en las reglas del juego que ha experimentado el sistema educacional chileno, particularmente a partir de la promulgación de la Ley de Inclusión. Para ello, se realizó una revisión de literatura científica que da cuenta del cambio que ha significado dicha ley para los establecimientos escolares habituados a funcionar bajo una regulación de mercado y lógicas de selección de familias para obtener mejores resultados académicos. Dicha revisión da cuenta de una cierta regularidad en el tipo de respuesta de los establecimientos frente a la ley, donde las diferencias se asocian a la posición en el campo y los capitales que han acumulado en el tiempo. Concluimos que este concepto permite explicar y comprender las reacciones de los establecimientos frente a cambios en las regulaciones del campo educativo. This theoretical work proposes a conceptual shift in the notion of institutional habitus within the field of education sociology. In early studies, the concept of institutional habitus was conceived to interpret the role played by educational institutions in reproducing student trajectories during the transition to higher education. However, drawing on Bourdieu's theory, we argue that this concept also enables understanding schools as agents endowed with habitus, capitals, and a sense of the game, thus responding to transformations within the social field. To illustrate this conceptual proposal, we analyze the responses of educational institutions to the changes in the rules of the game introduced by the Chilean education system, particularly following the enactment of the Inclusion Law. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to document the impact of this law on schools accustomed to operating under market regulations and family selection logics aimed at achieving better academic outcomes. The review reveals a certain regularity in the responses of educational institutions to the law, where differences are associated with their position within the field and the capitals accumulated over time. We conclude that this concept allows for a nuanced explanation and understanding of how institutions react to regulatory changes within the educational field.
Modelling and applications in Iran school mathematics curriculum: voices of math teachers
(City University of New York, 2021) Rafiepour, Abolfazl
In this paper, six mathematics curriculum changes in Iran are reviewed, spanning from 1900 to 2021. Change of forces, barriers, and the main features of each reform are represented. Specifically, the first five curriculum changes are described briefly and the sixth and most recent one is elaborated upon, with more detail as contemporary school mathematics curriculum change. This recent curriculum reform will be then analyzed using an application and modeling approach, followed by reflections from five teachers of mathematics’ voices about how they implemented recent curriculum reform after passing modelling course in their master’s program. These teachers shared their professional beliefs about the role of the modelling course in shaping their classroom practices. We believe that the practical aspects of this paper can have enormous implications for other mathematics teachers in developing countries.
Non-verbal interaction and students’ visual engagement in mathematics and English classes
(Universidade Luterana do Brasil, 2022-07) Farsani, Danyal
Background: The interactions in the classroom are of particular interest to the teaching and learning processes. Objectives: This study examines nonverbal interaction in mathematics classrooms, and how different modes of nonverbalbehaviour, contributed to the engagement in lessons. Design: A quantitative study. Setting and Participants: 30 randomly selected students wore mini camera-mounted eyeglasses in their mathematics and English lessons. Approximately 45 hours of video recording were made from these cameras (from a first-person’s perspective) to analyse and compare the nonverbal interaction in mathematics and English lessons. Data collection and analysis: In Google Images, we objectively searched and statistically analysed frames in which the class teachers appeared within the students’ visual field. Results: The results show that how students are visually engaged with the teacher depends on a set of proxemics. Differences were found related to visual attention both regarding the subject matter and the different proxemics of the student in relation to the teacher, pointing out that students are more visually involved with the teachers’ instructions when at a proxemic of 1.20 to 3.70 meters. Furthermore, we report differences between boys and girls and how they are visually engaged in their mathematics classrooms. Conclusions: Finally, we report how teachers pointing gestures can serve as a tool to recapture students’ visual attention in mathematics classrooms.
La pareja pedagógica como experiencia desde la práctica para el desarrollo de desempeños colaborativos orientados a la coenseñanza
(Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, 2023-07-31) Pérez Carrillo, David Jacob
El trabajo colaborativo es uno de los desafíos que se instala al interior de la Formación Inicial Docente a partir de las actualizaciones que ha sufrido la política pública en Chile. Para dicho propósito, el presente artículo sistematiza los resultados de un proyecto de investigación que recurrió al dispositivo pareja pedagógica a fin de promover el desarrollo de desempeños colaborativos que tributen en los procesos de identidad docente, en estudiantes que cursaron práctica profesional en las carreras de Pedagogía en Educación Diferencial e Historia y Geografía. Para ello, se analizaron sus respuestas a partir de dos instrumentos aplicados al inicio y al final de su práctica en dupla, concluyéndose que la pareja pedagógica favorece el desarrollo de procesos identitarios de carácter colaborativo, expresados en un reconocimiento del otro como un modelo a seguir; como una experiencia que amplía el conocimiento didáctico y pedagógico, y como una experiencia que permite generar mayores seguridades en el ejercicio de la profesión. Por otra parte, los resultados reclaman mayores instancias para la reflexibilidad que se orienten a desmantelar posiciones de poder de los profesores de enseñanza regular sobre los profesores especialistas, posturas que se constituyen en obstaculizadores para la profundización de prácticas pedagógicas colaborativas e inclusivas.
Proxêmica e comunicação não verbal na interação em sala de aula
(Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Escolar e Educacional (ABRAPEE), 2021-12) Farsani, Danyal
Este artigo relata um estudo realizado sobre a interação professor-aluno em uma escola pública dos anos iniciais, na cidade de Santiago, Chile. O estudo realizou uma análise quantitativa dos quadros das imagens capturadas por uma minicâmera montada em óculos de um grupo de 18 estudantes. Os quadros selecionados foram os que a professora aparece no campo visual dos alunos. A análise foi desenvolvida a partir do conceito de proxêmica e os resultados mostram que há momentos em que a professora da sala de aula interage com os alunos em um nível mais próximo e, em outros, há um distanciamento maior. Além disso, foi possível identificar diferenças entre meninos e meninas quanto aos padrões proxêmicos de envolvimento visual na interação. Os resultados deste estudo sinalizam novos sentidos para a análise da interação professor-aluno com foco em aspectos não verbais na construção das relações de ensino e aprendizagem.
Reflections of future kindergarten teachers on the design of didactic sequences with the use of robots
(Modestus, 2022-08) Seckel, María José
The purpose of this study is to analyze the reflections of future kindergarten teachers when designing didactic sequences with the use of the bee-bot robot. A qualitative methodological design was followed to achieve this objective, collecting the data through a written record prepared by the participants from collaborative work. A total of 25 future teachers participated, forming six working groups. The data were analyzed with the content analysis technique, considering the criteria of didactic suitability–epistemic, cognitive, interactional, mediational, affective, and ecological–and their respective components. The results suggest that at the moment prior to the design of the didactic sequences, the reflections of the groups of future teachers are related only to some criteria, while, in the design of the proposed teaching and learning process, the units of analysis were related to all six criteria. With the results obtained, it is concluded that a future implementation and observation of the design of didactic sequences by the participants would allow the participants to consider more components of the criteria when reflecting. In addition, it is concluded that training that contemplates the criteria of didactic suitability, would also allow future teachers to deepen their reflections, guiding them with these tools.

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