Facultad de Educación y Ciencias Sociales

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https://repositorio.uft.cl/handle/20.500.12254/2323

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Accurate prognostic awareness is associated with increased emotional distress in Latino patients with advanced cancer
(Cambridge University Press, 2025) Pérez-Cruz, Pedro E.
Objectives. To describe the frequency of prognostic awareness (PA) in a population of advanced cancer patients in a Latino community and to explore the relationship between accurate PA with emotional distress and other covariates. Methods. In this cross-sectional study performed in Puente Alto, Chile, advanced cancer patients in palliative care completed a survey that included a single question to assess PA (Do you believe your cancer is curable? yes/no). Patients reporting that their cancer was not curable were considered as having accurate PA. Demographics, emotional distress, quality of life, and patient perception of treatment goals were also assessed. Analyses to explore associations between PA and patient variables were adjusted. Results. A total of 201 patients were included in the analysis. Mean age was 65, 50% female. One hundred and three patients (51%) reported an accurate PA. In the univariate analysis, accurate PA was associated with not having a partner (p = 0.012), increased emotional distress (p = 0.013), depression (p = 0.003), and were less likely to report that the goal of the treatment was to get rid of the cancer (p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, patients with accurate PA had higher emotional distress or depression, were less likely to have a partner, and to report that the goal of the treatment was to get rid of the cancer. Significance of results. Half of a population of Latino advanced cancer patients reported an accurate PA. Accurate PA was associated with increased emotional distress, which is similar to what has been reported in other countries. Weaknesses in prognostic disclosure by clinicians, local cultural factors, or higher motivation to seek prognostic information among distressedcancer patients could explain this association. Strategies to emotionally support patients when discussing prognostic information should be implemented.
Cocaine polydrug use and its impact on intentional harm recognition: a highdensity EEG study
(Springer Nature, 2025-08-14) Morales Sepúlveda, Juan Pablo
Background Cocaine and stimulant consumption constitute a significant global issue and are associated with impaired social skills. However, the relationship between substance abuse and intentional harm recognition remains unclear. Intentional harm recognition is a crucial social cognitive ability that allows individuals to determine whether a harmful action performed by another person is deliberate or accidental. Methods The present study examined self-reported, behavioural, and neural responses associated with intentional harm recognition in n = 19 cocaine polydrug users (COC) and n = 19 healthy controls (HC). High-density electroencephalography (hdEEG) was used to measure brain activity during an Intentional Inference Task (IIT), which assesses fast intention recognition in scenarios involving deliberate or unintentional harm to people and objects. This study took place between 2014 and 2015 in Santiago, Chile. Results Behaviorally, COC exhibited slower reaction times (RT) than HC. Event-related potential (ERP) analysis revealed late frontal differences in HC when attributing intentional harm, while these differences were absent in COC. Conclusions These findings suggest a potential shift in COC towards emotional over-involvement and away from rational cognitive assessment of social information. The present results provide new insights into the recognition of intentional harm processing in cocaine polydrug users and highlight the potential clinical benefits of interventions focused on socio-emotional regulation training.
Digital use of standardised assessment tools for children and adolescents: can available paper-based questionnaires be used free of charge in electronic format?
(BioMed Central, 2022-06-03) Cottin, Marianne
Question: Most adolescents live in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), and about 10% of them face mental problems. The mental health provision gap in low- and middle-income countries could be addressed by evidence- based practices, however costs are implementational barriers. Digitalization can improve the accessibility of these tools and constitutes a chance for LMIC to use them more easily at a low cost. We reviewed free and brief evidence- based mental health assessment tools available for digital use to assess psychopathology across different domains in youth. Methods: For the current study, instruments from a recent review on paper-based instruments were re-used. Addi- tionally, a systematic search was conducted to add instruments for the personality disorder domain. We searched and classified the copyright and license terms available from the internet in terms of free usage and deliverability in a digital format. In the case that this information was insufficient, we contacted the authors. Results: In total, we evaluated 109 instruments. Of these instruments, 53 were free and digitally usable covering 11 mental health domains. However, retrieving information on copyright and license terms was very difficult. Conclusions: Free and digitally adaptable instruments are available, supporting the strategy of using instruments digitally to increase access. The instrument’s authors support this initiative, however, the lack of copyright information and the difficulties in contacting the authors and licence holders are barriers to using this strategy in LMIC. A compre- hensive, online instrument repository for clinical practice would be an appropriate next step to make the instruments more accessible and reduce implementation barriers.
Etiology of gender incongruence and its levels of evidence: A scoping review protocol
(Public Library of Science, 2023-03-13) Rojas Saffie, Juan Pablo
Introduction Gender Incongruence refers to the discordance between biological sex and gender identity. Although it is possible to find literature reviews about the etiology of Gender Incongruence, almost all of these correspond to non-systematic narrative reviews, so they do not make explicit the methodology used in the collection and analysis of sources, even less its levels of evidence. In order to remedy this, we will conduct a scoping review to answer the question: what are the factors associated with gender incongruence and what level of evidence is there for each factor in the scientific literature? Methods and analysis We will conduct a scoping review according to the methodology specified in the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis (Chapter 11) and the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Four databases will be reviewed to identify papers that match our search criteria, followed by a screening of titles and abstracts, the complete reading of those articles that have not been excluded, and the coding of these using the data extraction instrument developed for this research (see S1 Appendix). Data extracted will be analyzed in terms of frequency counts of factors, types of factors and levels of evidence for each factor. Results will be presented in tabular or diagrammatic forms supported by a narrative summary. Findings The present review will help to map the factors associated with incongruence between biological sex and gender identity, specifying their levels of evidence. This evidence-based knowledge will be useful for clinicians evaluating gender incongruence, especially given that international guidelines recommend careful assessment of factors that may interfere with the clarity of gender identity development and decision making.
Expressive writing in the light of integral psychology of the person
(Elsevier, 2026-02-20) Eyzaguirre Bäsuerle, Nicolás
In recent decades, expressive writing has established itself as an effective therapeutic technique for processing traumatic experiences, with proven effects on physical, emotional, and social health. Based on pioneering studies by Pennebaker and colleagues, research has shown that writing about painful experiences reduces rumination, improves the immune system, promotes emotional regulation, and fosters greater cognitive integration of traumatic memories. This article proposes a deeper understanding of expressive writing by integrating it into the framework of Thomistic psychology. From this perspective, it examines how the act of writing involves human faculties in such a way that it gives rise to four fundamental therapeutic effects: awareness, combating acedia, sensory relief, and the transformation of the pathological experimentum, understood as the disordered sensory judgment that conditions perception and behavior, ultimately reducing human freedom. Expressive writing, by providing the conditions for considering experience from a new perspective, facilitates the emergence of new appraisals, promoting psychological healing by properly disposing of the sensitive appetite and restoring the person's role as an agent. This study highlights the importance of integrating empirical evidence with a solid philosophical anthropology, offering a unified reading of the human being that elevates expressive writing beyond a technique to become a true act of inner reconciliation and freedom.
Impact of acute psychosocial stress on attentional control in humans: a study of evoked potentials and pupillary response
(Elsevier, 2023-07-25) Rojas, Felipe
Psychosocial stress has increased considerably in our modern lifestyle, affecting global mental health. Deficits in attentional control are cardinal features of stress disorders and pathological anxiety. Studies suggest that changes in the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system could underlie the effects of stress on top-down attentional control. However, the impact of psychosocial stress on attentional processes and its underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the effect of psychosocial stress on attentional processing and brain signatures. Evoked potentials and pupillary activity related to the oddball auditory paradigm were recorded before and after applying the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST). Electrocardiogram (ECG), salivary cortisol, and subjective anxiety/stress levels were measured at different experimental periods. The control group experienced the same physical and cognitive effort but without the psychosocial stress component. The results showed that stressed subjects exhibited decreased P3a and P3b amplitude, pupil phasic response, and correct responses. On the other hand, they displayed an increase in Mismatch Negativity (MMN). N1 amplitude after MIST only decreased in the control group. We found that differences in P3b amplitude between the first and second oddball were significantly correlated with pupillary dilation and salivary cortisol levels. Our results suggest that under social-evaluative threat, basal activity of the coeruleus-norepinephrine system increases, enhancing alertness and decreasing voluntary attentional resources for the cognitive task. These findings contribute to understanding the neurobiological basis of attentional changes in pathologies associated with chronic psychosocial stress.
The impact of loneliness and social adaptation on depressive symptoms: Behavioral and brain measures evidence from a brain health perspective
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2023-03-13) Franco-O´Byrne, Daniel
IntroductionEarly detection of depression is a cost-effective way to prevent adverse outcomes on brain physiology, cognition, and health. Here we propose that loneliness and social adaptation are key factors that can anticipate depressive symptoms.MethodsWe analyzed data from two separate samples to evaluate the associations between loneliness, social adaptation, depressive symptoms, and their neural correlates.ResultsFor both samples, hierarchical regression models on self-reported data showed that loneliness and social adaptation have negative and positive effects on depressive symptoms. Moreover, social adaptation reduces the impact of loneliness on depressive symptoms. Structural connectivity analysis showed that depressive symptoms, loneliness, and social adaptation share a common neural substrate. Furthermore, functional connectivity analysis demonstrated that only social adaptation was associated with connectivity in parietal areas.DiscussionAltogether, our results suggest that loneliness is a strong risk factor for depressive symptoms while social adaptation acts as a buffer against the ill effects of loneliness. At the neuroanatomical level, loneliness and depression may affect the integrity of white matter structures known to be associated to emotion dysregulation and cognitive impairment. On the other hand, socio-adaptive processes may protect against the harmful effects of loneliness and depression. Structural and functional correlates of social adaptation could indicate a protective role through long and short-term effects, respectively. These findings may aid approaches to preserve brain health via social participation and adaptive social behavior.
Is PTSD symptomatology a mechanism of emotional regulation? Insights from an interdisciplinary point of view
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025-01-17) Rojas Saffie, Juan Pablo
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology has historically been considered a psychic ailment that is part of a mental disorder. However, it has often been proposed that it could play an adaptive role, in that it would prevent individuals from being exposed to content or situations that they would not be prepared to process. Within the literature on emotional regulation (ER), PTSD symptomatology has commonly been linked to the concept of emotional dysregulation (ED). However, some definitions open the possibility that traumatic symptomatology could be considered ER, from which delicate conclusions would follow. To resolve this dilemma, we turn to interdisciplinary dialogue, specifically with the aid of Thomistic anthropology, whose concepts allow us to understand precisely the relationship between voluntary and involuntary processes and the close relationship between the concepts of reason and regulation. Even though part of the PTSD symptomatology involves psychic mechanisms aimed at modifying emotional states, it is concluded that it is necessary to continue conceptualizing it as ED. The theoretical and practical implications of this discussion are reviewed.
La dimensión racional en la terapia EMDR
(Universidad Finis Terrae, 2025-06-26) Rojas-Saffie, Juan Pablo
Se examina críticamente teoría y práctica del modelo EMDR, a la luz de la dimensión racional de la persona. Se exponen brevemente el modelo creado por Francine Shapiro y la antropología de Santo Tomás de Aquino. El análisis del modelo EMDR nos permite entenderlo en el contexto de las terapias cognitivo-conductuales, fuertemente influenciadas por positivismo, materialismo, evolucionismo y teoría de la información, e identificar que su antropología subyacente reduce la totalidad de la vida humana a su corporeidad. En definitiva, prescinde de la dimensión racional. No ocurre así con el método EMDR. La presencia objetiva de elementos racionales en el Protocolo Estándar demuestra que es errónea la concepción del modelo EMDR como una intervención exclusivamente sensible o fisiológica. Por otra parte, permite explicar, al menos en parte, algunos efectos positivos que este abordaje tiene en los pacientes. La herencia filosófica de la antropología subyacente sobre el protocolo estándar es eludible mediante algunas modificaciones al protocolo, y bajo la conducción de un terapeuta formado en una antropología integral de la persona
Las experiencias de salud mental de familias chilenas durante la pandemia por Covid-19
(Universidad Finis Terrae (Chile) Facultad de Educación, Psicología y Familia, 2022) Retamal Fernández, Dayanna Andrea; Undurraga Riesco, Rosario, prof. guía
La pandemia por Covid-19 se ha convertido en un factor de adversidad psicosocial que afecto a gran parte de las familias chilenas, en especial al grupo de adolescentes, quienes se vieron mayormente expuestos a problemas de salud mental tras las medidas restrictivas de confinamiento. El objetivo de la presente tesis fue indagar en las percepciones que madres y padres de la Región Metropolitana de Chile tienen sobre la salud mental de sus hijos(as) adolescentes entre 12 a 18 años, en el contexto de pandemia por Covid-19. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación, se aplicó una metodología cualitativa de tipo exploratorio y descriptivo, basada en 11 entrevistas semiestructuradas. La muestra incluye 8 madres y 3 padres, con edades que oscilaron entre 32 a 52 años. Estas figuras parentales provinieron de diversas comunas, incluyendo El Bosque, Puente Alto, Recoleta, Peñaflor, Pudahuel y Providencia. Además, el grupo se dividió en seis profesionales y cinco no profesionales. Los hallazgos más sobresalientes de esta investigación son los siguientes: A) Las definiciones elaboradas por madres y padres sobre salud mental son el reflejo de un esquema valorativo de las expectativas sociales y culturales ante cómo se debe presentar un individuo con salud mental o sin salud mental en la sociedad. B) Se percibe la presencia de problemas de salud mental mayormente en adolescentes durante la pandemia (miedo, ansiedad, tristeza, aislamiento, y uso excesivo de tecnología). C) Son las madres quienes principalmente realizaron las responsabilidades domesticas-cuidado y educativas, mientras que los padres interactuaron con sus hijos(as) por medio de un rol lúdico. D) Madres y padres se enfrentaron a desafíos relacionados con la creatividad, lo que contribuyó positivamente a la promoción y protección de salud mental en sus hijos(as). En síntesis, el confinamiento fue una experiencia compleja para las familias, irrumpiendo abruptamente en las rutinas individuales, sociales, familiares y laborales, afectando especialmente a los/as adolescente. Ante esta coyuntura, las madres y padres desempeñaron un papel crucial para mitigar los efectos adversos que la pandemia trajo a la vida familiar, enfrentando un gran desafío de fomentar y procurar la salud mental de sus hijos(as), haciendo uso de los recursos que estaban a su disposición.
Population-attributable risk of adverse childhood experiences for high suicide risk, psychiatric admissions, and recurrent depression, in depressed outpatients
(Taylor & Francis online, 2021-02-19) Gloger, Sergio
Background: To assess whether linear effects or threshold effects best describe theassociation between early adverse stress (EAS) and complex and severe depression (i.e.,depression with treatment resistance, psychotic symptoms, and/or suicidal ideation), andto examine the attributable risk of complex and severe depression associated with EAS.Methods:A cross‐sectional study was conducted using deidentified clinical data (ondemographics, presence of complex and severe depression, and exposure to seventypes of EAS) from 1,013 adults who were seen in an outpatient mental health clinicin Santiago, Chile, for a major depressive episode. Multivariate logistic regressionswere fitted to estimate odds ratios (ORs), using a bootstrap approach to compute95% bias‐corrected confidence intervals (95% BC CIs). A detailed examination ofthe cumulative risk score and calculations of the attributable risk was conducted.Results:Exposure to at least five EASs was reported by 3.6% of the sample. In themultivariate logistic regression models, there was a marked increase in the odds ofhaving complex and severe depression associated with exposure to at least fiveEASs (OR = 4.24; 95% BC CI: 1.25 to 9.09), according to a threshold effect. Theattributable risk of complex and severe depression associated with exposure to atleast one EAS was 36.8% (95% BC CI: 17.7 to 55.9).Conclusions:High levels of EAS distinctively contribute to complex clinical pre-sentations of depression in adulthood. Patients with complex clinical presentationsof depression and history of EAS should need a differentiated treatment approach,particularly those having high levels of EAS.
Sequential dynamics of memory load: contralateral delay activity and behavioral evidence
(Wolters Kluwer Health, 2026-04-14) Villena-González, Mario
Background Working memory is a fundamental component of human cognition, essential for performing complex tasks that require holding and manipulating information. Visuospatial working memory (VSWM) enables the temporary retention of visual and spatial information, with its neural correlates, such as contralateral delay activity (CDA, a component of event-related potentials), providing insights into memory load dynamics. This study aimed to investigate how sequentially presented items are maintained and integrated into VSWM. Methods Twenty-three participants performed a task where three visual items were presented sequentially, followed by a retro-cue and a test array, while accuracy and CDA were measured. Results Behavioral results showed significant differences in accuracy across item positions, with the third item yielding the lowest accuracy. Electrophysiological findings revealed that CDA amplitude was more negative for the second item, suggesting greater cognitive resources were allocated to it compared to the first and third items. Correlations between working memory capacity, task performance, and CDA amplitudes suggest that individuals with higher working memory capacity can better adapt resource distribution to handle sequential information processing, particularly under conditions of increased cognitive load. Conclusion These results suggest that VSWM management involves dynamic, nonuniform allocation of cognitive resources influenced by the serial position of items. These insights expand our understanding of how VSWM processes sequential inputs and may inform future studies on optimizing cognitive strategies for tasks involving complex visual and spatial information.
The exposome of brain aging across 34 countries
(Springer Nature, 2026-04-03) Legaz, Agustina
The physical and social exposome affects human aging, and brain clocks may track its effects. However, most studies neglect multidomain exposures (physical, social and political) across diverse settings globally and their associations with brain aging. In this study, we characterized the associations between 73 country-level physical and social exposomal factors and multimodal brain age in 18,701 participants from 34 countries (healthy individuals and those with Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration or mild cognitive impairment). Exposome effects were assessed using generalized additive models and meta-analytic frameworks. Aggregated exposome models explained up to 15.5-fold more variance than individual exposures (delta Akaike information criterion (ΔAIC): 2,034–3,127). Physical exposome was primarily associated with accelerated structural brain aging (limbic, subcortical and cerebellar regions), whereas social exposome was more strongly associated with functional brain aging (frontotemporal and limbic networks). Exposome burden accounted for 3.3−9.1-fold higher risk of accelerated aging, exceeding effects of clinical diagnoses. Findings were out-of-sample validated in cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, remained consistent across clinical subgroups and persisted after adjustment for demographics, age correction bias, cognition, scanner type and data quality. The exposome accelerates brain aging in health and disease, underscoring the need to address physical, social and political inequities.
The influence of temperament and sex on inhibitory control games: reward strategies
(Springer, 2023-05-17) Caffarena-Barcenilla, Carolina
Early childhood is a key period for the development of self-regulation skills. Inhibitory control is one of the self-regulation skills that are necessary in academic and social contexts to achieve better results. Studies have shown that older children’s inhibitory control improves when a reward is presented. However, types of rewards and individual differences have never been fully investigated in a controlled situation. 149 children aged 4 to 5 years from a low socioeconomical background were assessed to measure inhibitory control (IC) in two different conditions embedded in a tablet game: IC with a predictive reward and IC with a non-predictive reward. Additionally, a measure reported by parents on their children’s temperament was analysed. Results showed that (1) inhibition was higher in the predictive condition, (2) girls performed better than boys in both inhibition games, and (3) boys, whose temperament is characterised by a higher level of sociability had a better performance in the non-predictive reward condition. Moreover, boys whose temperament is characterised by a high energy level have poorer performance in the same task. In educational terms, having more background in the subject of rewards can allow more appropriate planning according to the objective, temperament characteristics and sex of the children. La primera infancia es un periodo clave para el desarrollo de las habilidades de autorregulación. El control inhibitorio es una de las habilidades de autorregulación necesarias en contextos académicos y sociales para obtener mejores resultados. Los estudios han demostrado que el control inhibitorio de los niños mayores mejora cuando se les presenta una recompensa. Sin embargo, los tipos de recompensa y las diferencias individuales nunca se han investigado a fondo en una situación controlada. Se evaluó a 149 niños de entre 4 y 5 años procedentes de un entorno socioeconómico bajo para medir el control inhibitorio (CI) en dos condiciones diferentes integradas en un juego de tableta: CI con una recompensa predictiva y CI con una recompensa no predictiva. Además, se analizó una medida informada por los padres sobre el temperamento de sus hijos. Los resultados mostraron que (1) la inhibición fue mayor en la condición predictiva, (2) las niñas rindieron mejor que los niños en ambos juegos de inhibición, y (3) los niños, cuyo temperamento se caracteriza por un mayor nivel de sociabilidad tuvieron un mejor rendimiento en la condición de recompensa no predictiva. Por otra parte, los chicos cuyo temperamento se caracteriza por un alto nivel de energía tienen un peor rendimiento en la misma tarea. En términos educativos, disponer de más antecedentes en el tema de las recompensas puede permitir una planificación más adecuada según el objetivo, las características del temperamento y el sexo de los niños.
The roles of gestural and symbolic schematizations in inhibition as a component of executive functions
(Springer, 2023) Khatin-Zadeh, Omid
The role of gestural schematization in enhancing thinking processes has been the subject of a large body of works. In this process, contextually unimportant or irrelevant information related to a concept (or a system of concepts) is deleted or ignored, while relevant spatial information is maintained. This process is a special type of inhibition, which is one of the key components of executive functions. In this short paper, it is suggested that gestural schematization is a special type of symbolic schematization, a much more general process through which irrelevant information related to features of a concept (or a system of concepts) is suppressed, while relevant information (spatial and non-spatial) is maintained. Through symbolic schematization, abstract structural similarity between two concepts or between two systems of concepts can be discovered. In this way, an individual’s knowledge about the first situation can be generalized to the second situation. Symbolic schematization is the basis of abstraction, knowledge generalization, and knowledge development. This is particularly the case with abstract mathematical thinking. This proposal offers a picture of cognitive mechanisms through which knowledge of abstract mathematical concepts is created and developed in the mind.
“What if we get sick?”: Spanish adaptation and validation of the fear of illness and virus evaluation scale (FIVE) in a non-clinical sample exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic
(Frontiers Media, 2021-03-11) Cottin, Marianne
Distinct sources of stress have emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic. Particularly, fear is expected to generate significant psychological burden on individuals and influence on either unsafe behavior that may hinder recovery efforts or virus-mitigating behaviors. However, little is known about the properties of measures to capture them in research and clinical settings. To resolve this gap, we evaluated the psychometric properties of a novel measure of fear of illness and viruses and tested its predictive value for future development of distress. We extracted a random sample of 450 Chilean adult participants from a large cross-sectional survey panel and invited to participate in this intensive longitudinal study for 35 days. Of these, 163 ended up enrolling in the study after the demanding nature of the measurement schedule was clearly explained to them. For this final sample, we calculated different Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) to evaluate the preliminary proposed structure for the instrument. Complementarily, we conducted a content analysis of the items to qualitatively extract its latent structure, which was also subject to empirical test via CFA. Results indicated that the original structure did not fit the data well; however, the new proposed structure based on the content analysis did. Overall, the modified instrument showed good reliability through all subscales both by its internal consistency with Cronbach's alphas ranging from 0.814 to 0.913, and with test-retest correlations ranging from 0.715 to 0.804. Regarding its convergent validity, individuals who scored higher in fears tended to also score higher in depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms at baseline. Furthermore, higher fears at baseline predicted a higher score in posttraumatic stress symptomatology 7 days later. These results provide evidence for the validity, reliability, and predictive performance of the scale. As the scale is free and multidimensional potentially not circumscribed to COVID-19, it might work as a step toward understanding the psychological impact of current and future pandemics, or further life-threatening health situations of similar characteristics. Limitations, practical implications, and future directions for research are discussed.

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Examinando Facultad de Educación y Ciencias Sociales por Materia "07 - Protección y mejora de la salud humana"

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