Facultad de Ingeniería

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A bi-objective optimization model to plan vaccination campaigns aided by temporary centers
(Wiley, 2026) Montenegro-Dos Santos, Fernando
Vaccination campaigns have saved thousands of lives and reached even the world’s most remote areas. However, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly changed the strategies for such campaigns. It is now crucial to rigorously consider new factors when planning the operational aspects of these campaigns, particularly for last-mile vaccine dispensing. First, a large share of the population must be vaccinated, with emphasis on vulnerable groups at higher risk. Second, if the virus is highly contagious and capable of asymptomatic transmission, implementing public health measures at vaccination sites becomes paramount. To address these challenges, we propose a bi-objective optimization model to support healthcare decision-making. It defines a schedule for locating temporary vaccination centers and assigning populations to permanent and temporary sites over a planning horizon. Moreover, we formalize and validate a minimum set of properties for a function-based prioritization mechanism to ensure consistent prioritization. One objective prioritizes vaccinating vulnerable groups according to our novel function-based approach, while the other minimizes the operational costs of temporary centers. In the complex environment of a pandemic, the strategic integration and use of temporary and permanent vaccination centers is vital for creating a robust and responsive vaccination strategy. Temporary centers, whose locations are determined by the model, improve access for hard-to-reach groups, contribute to minimizing crowding at permanent sites, and lower infection risks. Our results, demonstrated through a case study, show that the model effectively allocates resources and generates various vaccination plans that cater to different priority levels assigned to each objective, thereby offering valuable decision support.
Adipocyte extracellular vesicles (AdEVs) promote a proinflammatory and profibrotic profile in human renal and endothelial cells in vitro
(Springer Nature, 2026-02-23) Carrión, Pablo
OBJECTIVES: In obesity, white adipose tissue (WAT) undergoes hypertrophic and hyperplastic changes that are driven by phenotypical changes in preadipocytes and adipocytes. WAT also causes a chronic inflammatory state that modifies gene expression and the secretome, including the shedding of adipose-derived extracellular vesicles (AdEVs) into the circulation, which may influence distant cell types and modulate their phenotypes. AIM: To evaluate the effects of AdEVs on renal and endothelial cells and determine their impact on gene expression related to inflammation, fibrosis, and endothelial function. METHODS: Human SW872 preadipocytes were differentiated into adipocytes and subsequently characterized. AdEVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and analyzed according to ISEV guidelines. Recipient human renal (HCD) and endothelial (EA.hy926) cells were exposed to AdEVs for 24 hours. Gene expression of adipokines, cytokines (IL-6, IL-1B), fibrosis markers, neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin (NGAL), and eNOS was assessed by RT-qPCR and western blotting. RESULTS: Differentiated SW872 cells displayed typical adipocyte morphology and accumulated abundant lipid droplets. Isolated AdEVs showed a donut-like morphology, characteristic size distribution, and expression of CD9 and TSG101, consistent with canonical EV markers. Both renal and endothelial cells internalized PKH67-labeled AdEVs and exhibited increased IL-6 and IL-1B expression (p < 0.05). Renal cells demonstrated increased NGAL mRNA levels, whereas endothelial cells showed reduced eNOS mRNA expression following AdEV exposure (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: AdEVs from SW872 upregulated cytokine (e.g., IL-6) and NGAL expression in renal cells, while reducing eNOS expression in endothelial cells. These findings suggest that AdEVs may influence early inflammatory and vascular responses inobesity.
Capítulo 3: Conceptos básicos de genética y epigenética
(Ediciones UC, 2026-04) Carvajal, Cristian
Endocrinología Clínica es hoy un manual imprescindible para la formación y el ejercicio de la endocrinología en Chile y Latinoamérica. Tras el éxito de sus versiones anteriores, esta tercera edición surge como respuesta a los acelerados avances diagnósticos y terapéuticos que han transformado el cuidado de las enfermedades hormonales. Con un enfoque docente, claro y orientado a la resolución de problemas clínicos, el libro reúne a destacados especialistas nacionales e internacionales y aborda de manera integral las principales áreas de la disciplina, desde patología tiroidea y diabetes hasta neuroendocrinología, metabolismo óseo, obesidad, radiología y laboratorio clínico. Actualizada, rigurosa y aplicada a la realidad regional, esta obra entrega herramientas clave para el razonamiento clínico, la interpretación de exámenes y la toma de decisiones terapéuticas basadas en evidencia, consolidándose como un texto de referencia para estudiantes, residentes y especialistas.
Classic and “non-classic” apparent mineralocorticoid excess
(Elsevier, 2025) Baudrand, Rene
Hypertension is highly prevalent in the general population. Up to 1/3 of patients display low-renin levels due to aldosterone-mediated mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation or cortisol-mediated MR activation. The spectrum of cortisol-mediated MR activation includes the classic apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME), Cushing syndrome or milder (non-classic) forms of AME, the latter with a much higher prevalence and subtle phenotype. Classic AME is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by the presence of a severe dominant autosomal deficiency of 11bHSD2 gene. Non-classic -AME (NC-AME) is mainly associated with partial 11bHSD2 deficiency due to milder genetic variations or epigenetic modifications plus potential actions of endogenous or exogenous inhibitors. Treatment aims to ameliorate MR activation with low-sodium diet and MR antagonists.
Deep learning aplicado para la detección de hemorragias y tumores cerebrales
(Universidade Federal do Paraná, 2021-12-01) Hidalgo Barrientos, Mauricio Fernando
Introducción: Un problema que afecta a la salud en Chile se refiere a las patologías cerebrales, toma de exámenes y el alto tiempo de espera para la obtención de los resultados (retrasando el diagnóstico y tratamiento). Actualmente, los exámenes se envían al extranjero para ser procesados y el tiempo de espera juega en contra del paciente. Dada esta realidad, nuestro documento propone un modelo de deep learning para la predicción de imágenes cerebrales que permita obtener un diagnóstico previo, pero no definitivo, en virtud de disminuir el tiempo del proceso y, de ser necesario, priorizar a los pacientes cuya vida estaría potencialmente en riesgo. Métodos: El desarrollo utilizó un enfoque RAD iterativo y las imágenes se recogieron de Kaggle. Adicionalmente, se redimensiona el dataset para normalizar el tamaño y generamos nuevas imágenes utilizando “data augmentation”. Las imágenes fueron procesadas en redes convolucionales, indagando en distintas configuraciones para la red, su optimizador y la función de activación, hasta llegar a un modelo que consideramos razonable. Resultados: Con el modelo definitivo, los resultados superan el 80% de precisión en las predicciones y descubrimos que separar patologías (hemorragias y tumores) fue crucial para este resultado. Conclusiones: Hemos logrado una herramienta de diagnóstico previo, pero se debe continuar la investigación en virtud de aumentar la precisión. Un próximo paso considera ampliar el dataset con imágenes de otras fuentes y separar el modelo para analizar patologías de forma independiente. Motivamos a seguir investigando ya que este tipo de apoyo puede contribuir a salvar vidas.
Desarrollo de andamios porosos con diversas geometrías para la cicratrización de la piel quemada aplicando modelado CAD y tecnología 3D
(Universidad Finis Terrae (Chile) Facultad de Ingeniería, 2025) Bautista Acevedo, Allison Daniksa; Pávez, Hector prof. guía
La piel es el órgano más grande en vertebrados cumpliendo funciones cruciales como la regulación de temperatura del cuerpo y como barrera externa de protección contra patógenos y sustancias químicas. La piel está compuesta por células y tejido conjuntivo organizado en tres capas: la epidermis, que actúa como barrera externa; la dermis, que aporta soporte y elasticidad gracias a los fibroblastos y la matriz extracelular; y la hipodermis, responsable del aislamiento térmico y la amortiguación. Una de las características esenciales de la piel es su elasticidad, la cual influye en diversos procesos biológicos como la cicatrización de heridas. La falta de tratamientos eficaces y personalizados para la curación de quemaduras profundas sigue siendo un desafío clínico, en el que se busca mejorar y acelerar el proceso de cicatrización. La ingeniería de tejidos ofrece soluciones mediante diversas técnicas de fabricación de andamios con biomateriales que imitan la función de la matriz extracelular, favoreciendo la regeneración de tejido dañado. El presente trabajo trata sobre el diseño y la fabricación de andamios porosos utilizando Biomateriales y Fibroblastos. Para ello se utilizan técnicas como el modelado CAD (Diseño Asistido por Computadora), que permite crear modelos digitales precisos, y la impresión 3D, una tecnología de fabricación aditiva que construye estructuras capa por capa a partir de estos modelos. Además, se evalúa el diseño y el comportamiento mecánico del andamio mediante ensayos de comprensión y simulación por computadora. Los resultados obtenidos fueron favorables, demostrando la compatibilidad de la mezcla de Agar, DMEM y Miel con los Fibroblastos, favoreciendo su proliferación. Los resultados en las simulaciones en Flexión y Extensión de muñeca evidenciaron un buen desempeño mecánico del andamio, con alta resistencia y capacidad de deformación sin fallar. Además, gracias a los ensayos biológicos y las simulaciones en andamios con diferentes poros se concluyó que un diseño óptimo debe priorizar la flexibilidad y proporcionar un espacio adecuado para la proliferación celular, favoreciendo a una mejor cicatrización.
Design of an EEG analytical methodology for the analysis and interpretation of cerebral connectivity signals
(Elsevier, 2021-02-20) Córdova, Felisa M.
The objective of this study is to design an Electroencephalographic (EEG) analytic methodology that allows to develop a variety of analysis and interpretations of brain signals. The initial phase considers the acquisition and filtering of EEG signals, the division into bands in data ranges, and the storage of EEG signals in a cloud data base. Then, an analytical phase considering descriptive, predictive and prescriptive analysis is accomplished. A sequence of analytic intermediate processing steps is done in order to render a graphic visualization of significant correlations between pairs of EEG channels. Pearson correlation is utilized to detect synchronic connectivity through the brain areas. Time series in nearly instantaneous time lapses are treated by using Hilbert Huang Transform. An experimental design by submitting a set of students to an abbreviated version Raven visual test is made providing results in correlation maps of cerebral connectivity
Driving hypertension: non-classic apparent mineralocorticoid excess
(Springer Nature, 2025-11-12) Carvajal, Cristian A.
Non-classic apparent mineralocorticoid excess is an underrecognized cause of low-renin hypertension, which is often misdiagnosed as essential hypertension. This condition challenges traditional classifications and highlights the need for mechanism-based diagnostics and medical care. Hypertension remains a leading contributor to global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It has a high prevalence, low rate of identifiable causes and is frequently resistant to conventional therapy. Hypertension is traditionally classified as ‘essential’ and multifactorial; however, up to one-third of patients have hypertension with a low-renin phenotype . This subtype has been largely attributed to primary aldosteronism, yet emerging data suggest a broader and more complex spectrum of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) overactivation. Non-classic apparent mineralocorticoid excess (NC-AME) is one of several overlooked contributors to low-renin hypertension; NC-AME might account for a meaningful proportion of patients who have been misclassified as having essential hypertension.
Estudio técnico y de costos de nanopartículas de oro para el transporte de fármacos con selenio: modelos computacionales y síntesis verde
(Universidad Finis Terrae (Chile) Facultad de Ingeniería, 2025) Garzón Arboleda, Talia Alexandra; Cerón Villaroel, María Luisa prof. guía; Mendizábal Emaldia, Fernando prof. guía
Este estudio empleó modelos computacionales para analizar las interacciones entre un metabolito que contiene selenio y superficies de AuNPs, utilizando un Modelo Simplificado de Proteína (MSP) para representar interacciones locales con oncoproteínas. Se aplicó la Teoría de Funcionales de la Densidad (DFT) y el software VASP en cinco superficies de oro (100, 110, 111, 321 y 32-1). Los resultados muestran que el metabolito de selenio (SeCH3) mejora la estabilidad del sistema, especialmente en superficies quirales. Además, se evaluó la síntesis verde de AuNPs con hojas de Neem a pequeña escala, la cual resultó más costosa que la opción comercial, pero con ventajas en sostenibilidad y valor estratégico. Se concluye que el modelo de interacción AuNP–Selenio–MSP es factible.
Feasibility of using ultrasound for drug delivery through micellar systems
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2025-04-02) Marambio, E.
A study of micellar structures subjected to continuous high-intensity ultrasonic perturbation was carried out. The micelles were characterized by high-speed absorption spectrophotometry and the use of fluorophores, such as Rhodamine 123, as a spectroscopic indicator of the micellar kinetic process. It was found that above the critical micellar concentration, the absorbance peak of the fluorophore experiences a 14 nm red shift. Preliminary experiments indicate a reversal of this shift under certain ultrasonic conditions. In subsequent experiments, no effect of high intensity ultrasonic radiation on the micellar systems studied was observed. A dependence of the spectroscopic response of Rh123 on temperature is found, which can be confused with the effect of micelle breaking in solutions. The study presented considers the use of Quillaja Saponaria Molina and Triton X-100 as a surfactant, but it is extensible to other micellar systems.
Hipertensión arterial de origen endocrino en población pediátrica: Rol emergente del exceso aparente de mineralocorticoides no clásico
(Sociedad Chilena de Endocrinología y Diabetes, 2026-01) Tapia-Castillo, Alejandra
La hipertensión arterial (HTA) pediátrica ha aumentado de manera sostenida en las últimas décadas, con una prevalencia estimada de 3–5% a nivel global y hasta 8% en Chile. Lejos de ser una condición benigna, la HTA en niños se asocia a daño temprano en órganos blanco, incluyendo hipertrofia ventricular izquierda, mayor grosor íntima-media carotídeo, rigidez arterial, microalbuminuria y alteraciones neurocognitivas. Mientras en escolares y adolescentes predomina la HTA primaria, en menores de seis años son más frecuentes las causas secundarias, entre ellas las endocrinas, que representan aproximadamente 5–10% de los casos y requieren una evaluación específica. Entre estas causas, el síndrome de Exceso Aparente de Mineralocorticoides (AME) destaca por una activación inapropiada del receptor mineralocorticoide (MR) mediada por cortisol, consecuencia de una actividad reducida o inhibida de la enzima 11β-hidroxiesteroide deshidrogenasa tipo 2 (11β-HSD2). El AME clásico es infrecuente y de presentación grave, asociado a variantes patogénicas en HSD11B2. En contraste, el AME no clásico (NC-AME) constituye una forma más leve y probablemente subdiagnosticada, caracterizada por renina baja, relación cortisol/cortisona elevada, niveles disminuidos de cortisona y aumento de la excreción urinaria de potasio, pudiendo contribuir a HTA en niños previamente considerados con HTA esencial. Los mecanismos propuestos para NCAME incluyen polimorfismos en HSD11B2, alteraciones epigenéticas y la presencia de inhibidores endógenos o exógenos de 11β-HSD2. En niños hipertensos, se han observado alteraciones del metabolismo del cortisol compatibles con una disfunción parcial de esta enzima. Aunque el uso de antagonistas del MR es eficaz en estos casos, el control óptimo de la presión arterial sigue siendo limitado. El NC-AME emerge, así como una causa relevante y subdiagnosticada de HTA pediátrica, subrayando la necesidad de mejorar su reconocimiento, caracterización y abordaje terapéutico.
Influence of estradiol deficiency on the mineralocorticoid receptor response in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2025-01) Martínez-García, Alejandra
Objective: Premenopausal women (PreM) have a cardioprotective advantage over postmenopausal women (PostM) due to estrogen. The interaction of estrogen with the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) pathway remains unexplored. This study aimed to identify changes in aldosterone, renin and sexual steroid levels and MR surrogate biomarkers in PostM that may explain changes in blood pressure and renal damage. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 47 normotensive and hypertensive Chilean women distributed between PreM and PostM. Clinical, anthropometric and biochemical parameters, including aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA) and surrogate markers of MR activity, were assessed. Results: PostM had greater systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p < 0.001) than PreM. A negative correlation was observed between estradiol and fractional excretion of potassium (FEK) (ρ = –0.29; p = 0.023), adjusted for age and SBP. Compared with hypertensive PreM, hypertensive PostM (PostM-HT) showed reduced PRA (p = 0.045) and greater FEK (p = 0.04). Normotensive PostM (Post-NT) exhibited greater SBP (p = 0.03), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels (p = 0.04) and FEK (p = 0.03) than normotensive PreM. Conclusion: Our results suggest enhanced MR sensitivity not only in PostM-HT, as evidenced by lower PRA and elevated FEK, but also in PostM-NT, who exhibited greater FEK and NGAL levels, surrogate markers of MR activation. These results support a novel role of MR activation and cardiovascular risk in PostM women.
Low-renin hypertension in incidental adrenal adenomas and response to aldosterone-targeted therapy: a prospective study
(Elsevier, 2026-06-27) Uslar, Thomas
Background: Incidental adrenal adenomas are common, yet renin status is infrequently assessed in hypertensive patients. Emerging evidence supports a spectrum of renin-independent aldosterone excess associated with adverse cardiovascular risk. Objective and methods: To determine the frequency of a low-renin phenotype in a prospective cohort of hypertensive patients with adrenal adenomas and to evaluate the clinical response to aldosterone-targeted therapy across baseline aldosterone categories. Low-renin phenotype was defined as suppressed renin (PRA <1.0 ng/mL/ h or DRC <10 μIU/mL). Among these patients, plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) was categorized as 5–10 ng/dL (Group 1), 10–15 ng/dL (Group 2), and >15 ng/dL (Group 3). Patients with suppressed renin were treated with MR antagonists or adrenalectomy and followed longitudinally using PAMO/PASO criteria. Results: Low renin was present in 47% (138/290) of hypertensive patients. Increasing aldosterone levels were associated with higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), resistant hypertension, higher antihypertensive treatment burden, lower potassium, and reduced eGFR (p-trend <0.001). After a mean follow-up of 24±18 months (n = 121), aldosterone-targeted therapy (75% medical, 25% surgical) led to significant reductions in SBP (-18, -26, and -30 mmHg across Groups 1–3; all p < 0.001), decreased medication and significant increases in renin (all p < 0.001), irrespective of aldosterone category. Conclusions: Nearly half of hypertensive patients with adrenal incidentalomas exhibit suppressed renin levels associated with greater blood pressure burden and favorable response to aldosterone-targeted therapy, even in lower aldosterone levels categories. These findings support systematic renin assessment in hypertensive patients with incidental adrenal adenomas and provide a rationale for testing aldosterone-targeted therapy in broader hypertensive populations beyond adrenal adenomas
ML models for severity classification and length-of-stay forecasting in emergency units
(Elsevier, 2023-03-02) Candia-Véjar, Alfredo
Length-of-stay (LoS) prediction and severity classification for patients in emergency units in a clinic or hospital are crucial problems for public and private health networks. An accurate estimation of these parameters is essential for better planning resources, which are usually scarce. Although it is possible to find several works that propose traditional Machine Learning (ML) models to face these challenges, few works have exploited advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) on Spanish raw-text vector representations. Consequently, we take advantage of those advances, incorporating sentence embeddings in traditional ML models to improve predictions. Moreover, we apply a strategy based on SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values to provide explanations for these predictions. The results of our case study demonstrate an increase in the accuracy of the predictions using raw text with a minimum preprocessing. The precision increased by up to 2% in the classification of the patient’s post-care destination and by up to 8% in the prediction of LoS in the hospital. This evidence encourages practitioners to use available text to anticipate the patient’s need for hospitalization more accurately at the earliest stage of the care process.
Primary Aldosteronism in a Hispanic Cohort: Responses to Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism and Remission in a Case
(Oxford University Press, 2025-02) Tapia-Castillo, Alejandra
Background: Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the main cause of secondary arterial hypertension. In this study, we present the medical treatment of Hispanic patients with PA followed for up to 5 years, highlighting the complete cure with pharmacological treatment in one of our patients. Methods: We studied 32 PA patients, followed every 6 months after starting MRA. A clinical response was the normalization of blood pressure (BP) in the absence of other antihypertensive drugs. The biochemical response was considered with normalization of potassium and renin. Responses to treatment were compared using the defined daily dose (DDD). The effect of MRA was evaluated in vitro. The HAC15 cells were cultured and stimulated with aldosterone and spironolactone for 24-72 h, and the apoptotic cell death was measured. Results: At 12 months posttreatment with MRA, 68% of the patients had a total clinical response, and 67% had a total biochemical response. Response to MRA treatment reduced DDD by an average of 74%. Additionally, we observed one PA patient treated with spironolactone after 3 years, he presented a pharmacological cure with normalization of aldosterone and renin without treatment with spironolactone. The in vitro study shows that spironolactone increased early apoptosis by 60% and late apoptosis by 50%. Conclusions: These results suggest the importance of timely diagnosis of PA and specific treatment with MRA, especially in patients with a poor response to treatment. Moreover, remission of PA may occur in some patients after spironolactone treatment due to its suggestive role as an apoptotic agent.
Profiling and characterization of plant-based products consumers in Chile
(Asociación Castellano-Manchega de Sociología (ACMS), 2024-12-14) Campos, Zócimo
The consumption trend of plant-based products has increased worldwide due to different reasons, and Chile has been a good example of this trend. Although sustainability, health, nutrition and taste may all seem to be main drivers for flexitarians seeking plant-based food and beverages, to date there is no research that allows characterizing and profiling Chilean consumers of plant-based products. Hence, this work seeks to close this gap. To address this problem, we conducted an online survey of 512 people, mainly focused on the Metropolitan Region and Valparaíso. Using Ward’s method, we identified 3 clusters: (1) Animal friendly, (2) Planet friendly and (3) Healthy lifestyle, where, respectively, animal welfare, care for the environment and concern for health are prioritized.
Progressive 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Insufficiency as Kidney Function Declines
(Endocrine Society, 2024-09) Uslar, Thomas
Background: It has been postulated that chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a state of relative 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2) insufficiency, resulting in increased cortisol-mediated mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation. We hypothesized that relative 11βHSD2 insufficiency manifests across a wide spectrum of progressively declining kidney function, including within the normal range. Methods: Adult participants were recruited at 2 academic centers. A discovery cohort (n = 500) enrolled individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ranging from normal to CKD stage 5, in whom serum cortisol-to-cortisone (F/E) was measured as a biomarker of 11βHSD2 activity. A validation cohort (n = 101) enrolled only individuals with normal kidney function (eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) in whom 11βHSD2 activity was assessed via serum F/E and 11-hydroxy-to-11-keto androgen (11OH/K) ratios following multiple maneuvers: oral sodium suppression test, dexamethasone suppression test (DST), and ACTH-stimulation test (ACTHstim). Results: In the discovery cohort, lower eGFR was associated with higher F/E (P-trend < .001). Similarly, in the validation cohort, with normal eGFR, an inverse association between eGFR and both F/E and 11OH/K ratios was observed (P-trend < .01), which persisted following DST (P-trend < .001) and ACTHstim (P-trend < .05). The fractional excretion of potassium, a marker of renal MR activity, was higher with higher F/E (P-trend < .01) and with lower eGFR (P-trend < .0001). Conclusion: A continuum of declining 11βHSD2 activity was observed with progressively lower eGFR in individuals spanning a wide spectrum of kidney function, including those with apparently normal kidney function. These findings implicate cortisol-mediated MR activation in the pathophysiology of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in CKD.
The current dilemma of the social healthcare system in Chile: an analysis of the current situation and discussion of the pending reforms, from a social sustainability management viewpoint
(Springer Nature, 2025-03-01) Yanine, Fernando
El sistema sanitario chileno se encuentra en una encrucijada, enfrentándose a importantes disparidades y desigualdades entre sus sectores público y privado. Este capítulo describe la grave situación actual del modelo sanitario chileno y aborda los dilemas a los que se enfrenta la población, que observa cómo el sistema sanitario chileno se encuentra en una encrucijada. Este trabajo destaca las desigualdades en el acceso, la calidad inconsistente de la atención y los problemas de sostenibilidad financiera que afectan al sector público, mientras que la situación del sistema sanitario privado chileno se ve amenazada por las crecientes presiones de las políticas gubernamentales y las incertidumbres que se avecinan. Al examinar los retos estructurales y presentar ejemplos de la vida real, este capítulo subraya la urgente necesidad de reformas integrales. Así, desde la perspectiva de la gestión de la sostenibilidad social, el debate explora cómo puede evolucionar el sistema sanitario chileno para ofrecer servicios equitativos y de alta calidad, manteniendo al mismo tiempo su viabilidad a largo plazo. Este capítulo esboza los principios clave de la sostenibilidad social, basándose en modelos exitosos de otros países, y ofrece una visión general de las reformas pendientes propuestas para abordar estas cuestiones sistémicas. El objetivo es presentar un análisis equilibrado de los posibles impactos de estas reformas en la calidad y la sostenibilidad de la atención sanitaria en Chile, ofreciendo información sobre las perspectivas de las distintas partes interesadas. En última instancia, este capítulo pretende contribuir al debate sobre la creación de un sistema sanitario más justo y sostenible en Chile, capaz de proporcionar servicios de calidad a precios asequibles y de manera oportuna a la población chilena, garantizando que todos los ciudadanos tengan acceso a la atención que necesitan y merecen. The Chilean healthcare system stands at a crossroads, grappling with significant disparities and inequities between its public and private sectors. This chapter describes the dire state of the Chilean healthcare model at present and addresses the current dilemmas faced by the population that stands looking at Chile's althcare system at a crossroad. The work highlights the inequalities in access, inconsistent quality of care, and financial sustainability issues that plague the public sector while the situation of Chile’s private healthcare system is threatened by growing governmental policy pressures and looming uncertainties. By examining the structural challenges and presenting real-life examples, this chapter underscores the urgent need for comprehensive reforms. Thus, through the lens of social sustainability management, the discussion explores how the Chilean healthcare system can evolve to deliver equitable, high-quality services while maintaining long-term viability. The chapter outlines key principles of social sustainability, drawing on successful models from other countries, and provides an overview of the pending reforms proposed to address these systemic issues. The aim is to present a balanced analysis of the potential impacts of these reforms on the quality and sustainability of healthcare in Chile, offering insights into the perspectives of various stakeholders involved. Ultimately, this chapter seeks to contribute to the discourse on creating a more just and sustainable healthcare system in Chile, one that is able to provide quality services at affordable prices in a timely manner for Chile’s population, ensuring that all citizens have access to the care they need and deserve.
UiO-66(Zr) as drug delivery system for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(Elsevier, 2024-06-06) Salazar, Javier
The toxicity for the human body of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) overdoses is a consequence of their low water solubility, high doses, and facile accessibility to the population. New drug delivery systems (DDS) are necessary to overcome the bioavailability and toxicity related to NSAIDs. In this context, UiO-66(Zr) metal-organic framework (MOF) shows high porosity, stability, and load capacity, thus being a promising DDS. However, the adsorption and release capability for different NSAIDs is scarcely described. In this work, the biocompatible UiO-66(Zr) MOF was used to study the adsorption and release conditions of ibuprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac using a theoretical and experimental approximation. DFT results showed that the MOF-drug interaction was due to an intermolecular hydrogen bond between protons of the groups in the defect sites, (μ3 − OH, and − OH2) and a lone pair of oxygen carboxyl functional group of the NSAIDs. Also, the experimental results suggest that the solvent where the drug is dissolved affects the adsorption process. The adsorption kinetics are similar between the drugs, but the maximum load capacity differs for each drug. The release kinetics assay showed a solvent dependence kinetics whose maximum liberation capacity is affected by the interaction between the drug and the material. Finally, the biological assays show that none of the systems studied are cytotoxic for HMVEC. Additionally, the wound healing assay suggests that the UiO-66(Zr) material has potential application on the wound healing process. However, further studies should be done.

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Examinando Facultad de Ingeniería por Materia "07 - Protección y mejora de la salud humana"

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